Ponterotto+&+Pedersen

__Preventing Prejudice__ Ponterotto & Pedersen __Chapter 1__ : · More differences within racial groups than between them · So-called race-based differences in intelligence (connection to __The Bell Curve)__—psychological damage · Minority = access to political power not number · Ethnicity = social and cultural · Culture = learned behavior · Prejudice—rooted in inflexible generalizations/ negative and group focused · Individual, Institutional, and Cultural racism __ Chapter 2: __ · Modern Racist: Believes racism no longer exists/minorities making unwarranted demands for changing status quo · Outside conscious awareness: Housing, education, employment, healthcare, crime · Early socialization of whites—matches Helms: Fosters isolation of whites and this is harmful · Advantages (“the backpack” of white privilege) · The idea of Racism as a disease (See Skillings and Dobbins, 1991): If racism were described as a disease, mental health experts would be more likely to devote energy to the topic/Counselors should play a major role in this—it is their ethical responsibility · Humans have a natural propensity toward prejudice (Allport, 1979): -Ethnocentrism-preferring our own group -Lack of Intergroup Contact -Relying on Ethnic Categorizations : helps us to manage events and “sense-making” in a highly complex society __ Chapter 3: __ · Early Formation of Racial Attitudes: -not discussing in home -not having culturally diverse group of friends -not confronting -not pointing out positive aspects of diversity & allowing children to be isolated · World of Work: No diversity in management & tolerating sexism and racism at work · Politics and law __ Chapter 4: __ Minority Identity Development: · Dialectical approaches to ego identity development (Based on Erikson) · Cognitive Dissonance at each stage (Psychosocial) · Youth at risk for developing and internalizing negative stereotypes—racial self-loathing—modern look at the White Doll/Black Doll paradigm · Atkinson, et al. (1989; 1993): All minorities experience oppression: the struggle is to develop strong ego identity in spite of this · Stages: -Conformity—to belong to dominant culture -Dissonance—questioning conformity -Resistance—immersion (eg., Malcolm X)—embracing one’s own racial group -Introspection—Rigid ethnocentric views: begin to question this and issues of personal autonomy -Synergetic Articulation and Awareness: high personal autonomy and secure racial identity · Cross’ Model of Black Identity Development (1971):One of the most influential · Stages: -Pre-Encounter: Salience continuum: either very little or very much significance placed on being black -may see being black as very important but in a negative way Encounter: Can be a single event when confronted personally with racism -must be personalized Immersion/Emersion: -Immersion—immerses self into Afrocentric world/strong anti-white -Emersion—realization that immersion experiences of blackness were romanticized Internalization/Commitment: sustained commitment to activity in black issues · Many of the models posit a point where minority individuals identify with White majority culture · Predictive of lower self esteem · All models have stages that fit the integrative stage—search for own racial identity—search can be stimulated by and event or series of events (encounters with racism) · Stage 3 of these models—committing to immersion in one’s own roots may include rage at white majority · All models: after a period of intense identification with one’s own culture, there is a reassessment and a more balanced view emerges—positive mental health indices · Ponterotto’s White Racial Consciousness Development Model: Developed for Counselor training · Stages: Pre-Exposure: little thought on multicultural Exposure: “multicultural counseling course”/White privilege/ White students begin to realize they have been lied to throughout education Zealot-Defensive: Zealous—dealing with guilt OR respond defensively and withdraw Integration: More balanced Integrated Model: All 3 posit initial stage of lack of awareness/ all 3 newly discovered information white privilege—cognitive dissonance/Pro-minority stage/retreat into white culture—over-identification with Whiteness/Integration—all 3 models posit a point where Whites redefine what it means to be white today Reintegration and Contact attitudes related to higher levels of racism Fight or Flight: predicts that as Whites become the numerical minority they will come into contact with various races and feel threatened